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Measurements

Side-profile measurements explained

All 30 side-profile measurements used by R&R Profile — facial convexity, nasolabial angle, Ricketts E-line, gonial angle and more — with formulas, ideal ranges and sources.

Profile

  • Lower Third ProportionThe lower facial third (subnasale to menton) as a share of glabella-to-menton height.
  • Facial Convexity (Glabella)Overall profile convexity without the nose: the angle at subnasale between the forehead and the chin.
  • Total Facial ConvexityProfile convexity including the nose: the angle at the nose tip between the forehead and the chin.
  • Soft-Tissue Facial AngleAngle between the soft-tissue facial line (nasion to chin) and the Frankfort horizontal, measured behind the face.
  • Facial Convexity (Nasion)Profile convexity using the nasal root instead of the forehead: the angle at subnasale between nasion and chin.

Nose

  • Nasofrontal AngleAngle at the root of the nose between the forehead and the nasal dorsum.
  • Nasofacial AngleAngle between the facial plane (glabella to chin) and the nasal dorsum.
  • Nasolabial AngleAngle between the underside of the nose (columella) and the upper lip.
  • Nasomental AngleAngle at the nose tip between the nasal dorsum and the line to the chin.
  • Nasal Projection (Goode)Goode’s ratio: how far the tip projects from the alar crease (perpendicular to the nasion–alar-crease line) relative to the length of the nose.
  • Nasal Length RatioLength of the nose (nasion to tip) as a share of glabella-to-menton face height: whether the nose is in scale with the face.
  • Nasal Tip RotationHow far the underside of the nose tilts up from the Frankfort horizontal.
  • Nasal Tip AngleAngle at the nose tip between the nasal dorsum (towards nasion) and the columella.
  • Frankfort–Tip AngleHow far the line from the nasal root to the tip leans forward from vertical (a line perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal).

Lips

  • Mentolabial AngleAngle of the fold between the lower lip and the chin.
  • Z-Angle (Merrifield)Merrifield’s profile line touches the chin and whichever lip sticks out more; the Z-angle is the inner angle it makes with the Frankfort horizontal.
  • Ricketts E-LineThe esthetic line runs from the nose tip to the chin.
  • Burstone B-LineThe line from subnasale to the chin.
  • Holdaway H-LineThe harmony line is tangent to the upper lip and the chin.
  • Steiner S-LineRuns from the middle of the nose’s lower “S” curve (between tip and subnasale) to the chin.

Jaw & chin

  • Gonial AngleThe angle of the jaw, between the back edge of the ramus (Ar–Go) and the lower border of the mandible (Go–Me).
  • Mandibular Plane AngleSteepness of the jawline relative to the Frankfort horizontal.
  • Ramus-to-Mandible RatioHeight of the jaw’s vertical branch (tragion to jaw angle) relative to the length of the jaw body (jaw angle to menton).
  • Chin Recession (vs. Nasion)How far the chin sits in front of or behind a vertical line through the nasion, drawn perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal (the “zero meridian”).
  • Gonion-to-Mouth HeightVertical position of the jaw angle relative to the mouth line (parallel to the Frankfort horizontal).

Neck

  • Submental–Cervical AngleThe chin–neck angle at the cervical point, between the underside of the chin and the front of the neck.
  • Mentocervical AngleAngle between the facial plane (glabella to chin) and the line under the chin (menton to cervical point).

Forehead & eyes

  • Orbital VectorFront-to-back relationship between the cheek (malar eminence) and the front of the eye (corneal apex).
  • Browridge InclinationForward slope of the lower forehead from the nasal root up to the brow ridge, relative to a vertical line perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal.
  • Forehead SlopeSlope of the forehead from the forehead point (straight above nasion) down to the glabella, relative to vertical.